The hand

The lowest part of the human arms is formed by the hands as a gripping organ. They are connected to the forearm via the wrist and are extremely flexible due to their special bone structure. From the forearm downwards, the proximal (scaphoid, lunate, triangular, pea) and distal carpal bones (large polygon, small polygon, head, and hook) form the beginning of the hand. This is followed by the five metacarpal bones and then the finger bones. The fingers are built up except for the thumb of three bones, the thumb, however, has only two bones. A special feature of the human hand is also the freedom of movement of the thumb, which allows finely controlled gripping with two fingertips. In total there are 27 bones in the hand area and only the fingers have 14 finger joints.

In order to enable the countless different movements of the hands or fingers, there are more than thirty muscles in the hand, but the muscles in the forearm also make a significant contribution to the movement of the hands and fingers. The hands are essentially connected to the nervous system via the ulnar nerve, the median nerve and the radial nerve. The blood supply takes place via the arterial arteries or the spinal and elbow artery, the blood drainage mainly via the vena basilica and the cephalic vein. Cases of pain in the hand area are often due to impairment in upper arm sections, but may also originate directly in the hand area. For example, a tinnitus ulcer is associated with tingling and numbness in the little finger, in the ring finger, and on the corresponding outside of the palm. A carpal tunnel syndrome can also be associated with abnormal sensations and pain, ranging from the hand to the forearm.

The hands are almost constantly in motion in everyday life and sometimes exposed to considerable stress. Here are signs of wear on the joints therefore not uncommon. Also, the finger joints of a so-called Heberden osteoarthritis (finger joints) or Bouchard osteoarthritis (finger joints) are affected, the cause of which are suspected on genetic and hormonal levels. If the thumb saddle joint is affected by osteoarthritis, this is called rhizarthrosis. Rheumatoid arthritis also increasingly affects the finger joints, with joint pain, swelling, redness and warming in the joint area being considered to be leading symptoms. Furthermore, the joint capsules of the finger joints are relatively easily vulnerable to external forces - a so-called capsule tear is typical consequence here. In addition, fractures of the finger, metacarpal and carpal bones and ruptures of the various ligaments as possible consequences of external force such as in the context of an accident or fall. Overall, the hands are the most important tools of man and they also fulfill essential functions in communication, but the high loads also have their price and so are complaints in the hand area is not uncommon. (Fp)

hand

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